The da vinci surgical system essay

Part 1 of 2 parts: As noted elsewhere in this section a transgender individual is a person who experiences sustained Gender Dysphoria.

See Article History Alternative Title: The harm may be physical or mental; it may also be social, legal, or economic. Because such use is usually considered to be compulsive and under markedly diminished voluntary control, alcoholism is considered by a majority of, but not all, clinicians as an addiction and a disease.

Displayed by permission of The Regents of the University of California. The concept of inveterate drunkenness as a disease appears to be rooted in antiquity. The Roman philosopher Seneca classified it as a form of insanity. Defining alcoholism Alcoholism is a complex, many-sided phenomenon, and its many formal definitions vary according to the point of view of the definer.

A simplistic definition calls alcoholism a disease caused by chronic, compulsive drinking. A purely pharmacological-physiological definition of alcoholism classifies it as a drug addiction that requires imbibing increasing doses to produce desired effects and that causes a withdrawal syndrome when drinking is stopped.

This definition is inadequate, however, because alcoholics, unlike other drug addicts, do not always need ever-increasing doses of alcohol.

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Opium addicts, on the other hand, become so adapted to the drug that they can survive more than a hundred times the normal lethal dose, but the increased amounts to which alcoholics become adapted are rarely above the normal single lethal dose.

Moreover, the withdrawal syndromes in alcoholism occur inconsistently, sometimes failing to appear in a person who has experienced them before and never occurring in some drinkers whose destructive behaviour is otherwise not distinguishable from that of someone who is pharmacologically dependent on alcohol.

In this definition, alcoholism may or may not involve physiological dependencebut invariably it is characterized by alcohol consumption that is sufficiently great to cause regret and repeated physical, mental, social, economic, or legal difficulties. Clinicians call such a behavioral disorder a disease because it persists for years, is strongly hereditary, and is a major cause of death and disability.

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As with other medical diseases but unlike most bad habits, prospective studies demonstrate that willpower per se is of little predictive significance. An informed minority opinion, especially among sociologists, believes that the medicalization of alcoholism is an error. Unlike most disease symptoms, the loss of control over drinking does not hold true at all times or in all situations.

The alcoholic is not always under internal pressure to drink and can sometimes resist the impulse to drink or can drink in a controlled way. The early symptoms of alcoholism vary from culture to culture, and recreational public drunkenness may sometimes be mislabeled alcoholism by the prejudiced observer.

In the general population, variation in daily alcohol consumption is distributed along a smooth continuum. This characteristic is inconsistent with the medical model, which implies that alcoholism is either present or absent—as is the case, for example, with pregnancy or a brain tumour.

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For such reasons, the sociological definition regards alcoholism as merely one symptom of social deviance and believes its diagnosis often lies in the eyes and value system of the beholder. For example, periodic intoxication can cause sickness necessitating days of absence from work.

In a modern industrial communitythis makes alcoholism similar to a disease. In a rural Andean society, however, the periodic drunkenness that occurs at appointed communal fiestas and results in sickness and suspension of work for several days is normal behaviour.

It should be noted that this drunkenness at fiestas is a choice and does not produce regret. If the sociological model were entirely correct, alcoholism should often be expected to disappear with maturation as is the case with many other symptoms of social deviance.

This does not occur, however.

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Finally, epidemiologists need a definition of alcoholism that enables them to identify alcoholics within a population that may not be available for individual examination. To define alcoholism they may rely on quantity and frequency measurements of reported community drinking and alcohol-related hospitalizations, on a formula based on the frequency of deaths from cirrhosis within the population, or on arrests for alcohol-related misbehaviour.

Causes of alcoholism Many theories of the causes of alcoholism rest on the limited perspectives of specialists in particular disciplines or professions.

These theories range from heredity, environmental contagion, bad character, and economic misery or affluence to bleak childhoods, preexisting depressive disorder, ready and inexpensive availability of alcoholic beverages, or sociopathy. More discerning theories take into account the complexity of the disorder and acknowledge that alcoholism is usually caused by a combination of factors.

Prospective studies of lifetimes have often shown that some theories of alcoholism were incorrect because they confused cause with association. For example, on the basis of current evidence, alcoholism is seen to be associated with but not caused by growing up in a household with alcoholic parents.

Likewise, alcoholism is associated with but not usually caused in men, at least by depressionand alcoholism is associated with but not caused by self-indulgence, poverty, or neglect in childhood.

Rather, alcoholism in individuals often leads to depression and anxiety ; indeed, self-medication with alcohol makes depression worse, not better.The da Vinci Surgical System is a robotic surgical system made by the American company Intuitive Surgical.

Approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in , it is designed to facilitate complex surgery using a minimally invasive approach, and is controlled by a surgeon from a console.

The Da Vinci Surgical System is a large purpose-built robot controlled by a surgeon that performs minimally invasive surgical procedures on patients.

The system incorporates an ergonomically designed surgeon’s console, a patient-side module with four interactive robotic arms, each with interchangeable surgical instruments and a 3-dimensional.

Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Da Vinci Surgical System [10] The first total hysterectomy in Greece was successfully carried out with the latest-generation Da Vinci Robotic Surgery System at the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Centre.

Gmail is email that's intuitive, efficient, and useful. 15 GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. The da Vinci Surgical System Essay The da Vinci Surgical System is a computer enhanced system that replicates a surgeon’s movements using mechanical arms that hold electromechanical instruments.

The name is based on Leonardo Da Vinci, who designed a humanoid automaton in , and worked with anatomical design (Intuitive Surgical, . + free ebooks online. Did you know that you can help us produce ebooks by proof-reading just one page a day?

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